home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Pythagorean Philosophy
- and its influence on Musical Instrumentation and Composition
-
- by
- Michael Anderson
- Philosophy 101
-
- Bibliography
-
- Benade, Arthur H.(1976). Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. New York:
- Dover Publications
-
- Ferrara, Lawrence (1991). Philosophy and the Analysis of Music. New
- York: Greenwood Press.
-
- Johnston, Ian (1989). Measured Tones. New York: IOP Publishing.
-
- Rowell, Lewis (1983). Thinking About Music. Amhurst: The University
- of Massachusetts Press.
-
-
- "Music is the harmonization of opposites, the unification of disparate
- things, and the conciliation of warring elements...Music is the basis of
- agreement among things in nature and of the best government in the
- universe. As a rule it assumes the guise of harmony in the universe, of
- lawful government in a state, and of a sensible way of life in the
- home. It brings together and unites." - The Pythagoreans
- Every school student will recognize his name as the originator of that
- theorem which offers many cheerful facts about the square on the
- hypotenuse. Many European philosophers will call him the father of
- philosophy. Many scientists will call him the father of science. To
- musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras is the father of music. According to
- Johnston, it was a much told story that one day the young Pythagoras was
- passing a blacksmithÆs shop and his ear was caught by the regular
- intervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that the hammers
- were of different weights, it occured to him that the intervals might be
- related to those weights. Pythagoras was correct. Pythagorean
- philosophy maintained that all things are numbers. Based on the belief
- that numbers were the building blocks of everything, Pythagoras began
- linking numbers and music. Revolutionizing music, PythagorasÆ findings
- generated theorems and standards for musical scales, relationships,
- instruments, and creative formation. Musical scales became defined, and
- taught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to device
- construction. Composers developed new attitudes of composition that
- encompassed a foundation of numeric value in addition to melody. All
- three approaches were based on Pythagorean philosophy. Thus,
- PythagorasÆ relationship between numbers and music had a profound
- influence on future musical education, instrumentation, and composition.
- The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potential order to
- the chaos of music. Pythagoras began subdividing different intervals
- and pitches into distinct notes. Mathematically
- he divided intervals into wholes, thirds, and halves. "Four distinct
- musical ratios were discovered: the tone, its fourth, its fifth, and its
- octave." (Johnston, 1989). From these ratios the Pythagorean scale was
- introduced. This scale revolutionized music. Pythagorean relationships
- of ratios held true for any initial pitch. This discovery, in turn,
- reformed musical education. "With the standardization of music, musical
- creativity could be recorded, taught, and reproduced." (Rowell, 1983).
- Modern day finger exercises, such as the Hanons, are neither based on
- melody or creativity. They are simply based on the Pythagorean scale,
- and are executed from various initial pitches. Creating a foundation
- for musical representation, works became recordable. From the
- Pythagorean scale and simple mathematical calculations, different scales
- or modes were developed. "The Dorian, Lydian, Locrian, and
- Ecclesiastical modes were all developed from the foundation of
- Pythagoras." (Johnston, 1989). "The basic foundations of musical
- education are based on the various modes of scalar relationships."
- (Ferrara, 1991). PythagorasÆ discoveries created a starting point for
- structured music. From this, diverse educational schemes were created
- upon basic themes. Pythagoras and his mathematics created the
- foundation for musical education as it is now known.
- According to Rowell, Pythagoras began his experiments demonstrating the
- tones of bells of different sizes. "Bells of variant size produce
- different harmonic ratios." (Ferrara, 1991). Analyzing the different
- ratios, Pythagoras began defining different musical pitches based on
- bell diameter, and density. "Based on Pythagorean harmonic
- relationships, and Pythagorean geometry, bell-makers began constructing
- bells with the principal pitch prime tone, and hum tones consisting of a
- fourth, a fifth, and the octave." (Johnston, 1989). Ironically or
- coincidentally, these tones were all members of the Pythagorean scale.
- In addition, Pythagoras initiated comparable experimentation with pipes
- of different lengths. Through this
- method of study he unearthed two astonishing inferences. When pipes of
- different lengths were hammered, they emitted different pitches, and
- when air was passed through these pipes respectively, alike results were
- attained. This sparked a revolution in the construction of melodic
- percussive instruments, as well as the wind instruments. Similarly,
- Pythagoras studied strings of different thickness stretched over altered
- lengths, and found another instance of numeric, musical correspondence.
- He discovered the initial length generated the strings primary tone,
- while dissecting the string in half yielded an octave, thirds produced a
- fifth, quarters produced a fourth, and fifths produced a third. "The
- circumstances around PythagorasÆ discovery in relation to strings and
- their resonance is astounding, and these catalyzed the production of
- stringed instruments." (Benade, 1976). In a way, music is lucky that
- PythagorasÆ attitude to experimentation was as it was. His insight was
- indeed correct, and the realms of instrumentation would never be the
- same again.
- Furthermore, many composers adapted a mathematical model for music.
- According to Rowell, Schillinger, a famous composer, and musical teacher
- of Gershwin, suggested an array of procedures for deriving new scales,
- rhythms, and structures by applying various mathematical transformations
- and permutations. His approach was enormously popular, and widely
- respected. "The influence comes from a Pythagoreanism. Wherever this
- system has been successfully used, it has been by composers who were
- already well trained enough to distinguish the musical results." In
- 1804, Ludwig van Beethoven began growing deaf. He had begun composing
- at age seven and would compose another twenty-five years after his
- impairment took full effect. Creating music in a state of inaudibility,
- Beethoven had to rely on the relationships between pitches to produce
- his music. "Composers, such as Beethoven, could rely on the structured
- musical relationships that instructed their creativity." (Ferrara,
- 1991). Without Pythagorean
- musical structure, Beethoven could not have created many of his
- astounding compositions, and would have failed to establish himself as
- one of the two greatest musicians of all time. Speaking of the greatest
- musicians of all time, perhaps another name comes to mind, Wolfgang
- Amadeus Mozart. "Mozart is clearly the greatest musician who ever
- lived." (Ferrara, 1991). Mozart composed within the arena of his own
- mind. When he spoke to musicians in his orchestra, he spoke in
- relationship terms of thirds, fourths and fifths, and many others.
- Within deep analysis of MozartÆs music, musical scholars have discovered
- distinct similarities within his composition technique. According to
- Rowell, initially within a Mozart composition, Mozart introduces a
- primary melodic theme. He then reproduces that melody in a different
- pitch using mathematical transposition. After this, a second melodic
- theme is created. Returning to the initial theme, Mozart spirals the
- melody through a number of pitch changes, and returns the listener to
- the original pitch that began their journey. "MozartÆs comprehension of
- mathematics and melody is inequitable to other composers. This is
- clearly evident in one of his most famous works, his symphony number
- forty in G-minor" (Ferrara, 1991). Without the structure of musical
- relationship these aforementioned musicians could not have achieved
- their musical aspirations. Pythagorean theories created the basis for
- their musical endeavours. Mathematical music would not have been
- produced without these theories. Without audibility, consequently,
- music has no value, unless the relationship between written and
- performed music is so clearly defined, that it achieves a new sense of
- mental audibility to the Pythagorean skilled listener..
- As clearly stated above, PythagorasÆ correlation between music and
- numbers influenced musical members in every aspect of musical creation.
- His conceptualization and experimentation molded modern musical
- practices, instruments, and music itself into what it is today. What
- Pathagoras found so wonderful was that his elegant, abstract train of
- thought
- produced something that people everywhere already knew to be
- aesthetically pleasing. Ultimately music is how our brains intrepret
- the arithmetic, or the sounds, or the nerve impulses and how our
- interpretation matches what the performers, instrument makers, and
- composers thought they were doing during their respective creation.
- Pythagoras simply mathematized a foundation for these occurances. "He
- had discovered a connection between arithmetic and aesthetics, between
- the natural world and the human soul. Perhaps the same unifying
- principle could be applied elsewhere; and where better to try then with
- the puzzle of the heavens themselves." (Ferrara, 1983).
-
- --
-
- \\ | //
- ( o o )
- |~~~~~~~~o00o~~~(_)~~~o00o~~~~~~~~|
- | |
- | Mike Anderson |
- | |
- | ander017@mailhost1.csusm.edu |
- | jmarr@mailhost2.csusm.edu |
- | |
- | voice.619.486.3942 |
- | |
- |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|
-
-